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__** 
 * __ Egypt

 **__GEOGRAPHY__**   **__SCIRT __**  **__AGRICULTURE__**  **__RELIGION__  ** <span style="display: block; color: rgb(6, 9, 6); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: rgb(238, 131, 32); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="display: block; color: rgb(13, 3, 3); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(6, 9, 6); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(6, 9, 6); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: center;">**__IMPORTANT PEOPLE__** <span style="display: block; color: rgb(10, 0, 0); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(10, 0, 0); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(4, 1, 5); text-align: center;"> __**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">CHALLENGES **__ <span style="display: block; color: rgb(4, 1, 1); text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="display: block; color: rgb(4, 1, 1); text-align: center;">__**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">DAILY LIFE **__
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(162, 21, 21);">The Nile runs left of the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(162, 21, 21);">Egypt is along the banks of the Nile.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(162, 21, 21);">The Nile is the longest river in the world, flowing NORTH through the highlands of East Africa to the Mediterranean Sea.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(162, 21, 21);">The Nile is 4,100 miles long and delivers water to Egypt through mountains, plateaus, and made lakes in Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and Ethiopia.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(162, 21, 21);">Egypt made settlements where the soil was fertile from the Nile.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(162, 21, 21);">The fertile strip of land changed abruptly to desert at one point.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(162, 21, 21);">There were lots of deserts around Egypt.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(162, 21, 21);">Upper Egypt (where the elevation is higher) runs from the First Cataract (where boulders turn the Nile into rapids) to where the Nile branches out.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(162, 21, 21);">Lower Egypt in the NORTH, runs from where Upper Egypt ends to the Mediterranean Sea. It includes the Nile Delta (100 miles of marshy land; triangular shape)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(162, 21, 21);">Egypt is located in Africa.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(162, 21, 21);">The dry land was called the Red Land and the fertile land was called the Black Land.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(162, 21, 21);">Egyptians said Egypt was the "gift of the Nile".
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(162, 21, 21);">When the Nile flooded, the Egyptians prepared for it but didn't know how much it would flood.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(6, 7, 136); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Egypt formed a civilization along the same time Mesopotamia did.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(6, 7, 136); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Egypt was a single kingdom for over 3000 years.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(6, 7, 136); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Villages existed as far back as 5000 BC-each with its own rituals, gods, and chieftan.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(6, 7, 136); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">They were two separate kingdoms, Lower and Upper Egypt, in 3200 BC but eventually united.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(6, 7, 136); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Lower Egypt King wore a red crown, and Upper Egypt King wore a white crown.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(6, 7, 136); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Pattern for Egypt's great civilization was set during 3200-2700 BC-the pattern became widespread from 2660-2180 BC known as the Old Kingdom.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(6, 7, 136); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The pharaoh was in charge of the government, religion, and army. They were looked at as the country's well-being. They caused the sun to rise, Nile to flood, crops to grow, and truth and justice to be served.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(6, 7, 136); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Old Kingdom had good economic strength and technology to be able to host public projects such as building the pyramids.
 * <span style="color: rgb(64, 247, 64); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Similar to Mesopotamia, the Nile would flood in July and recede in October leaving silt behind.
 * <span style="color: rgb(64, 247, 64); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The villagers quickly grew crops in fall & winter, such as wheat & barley, before the sun dried out the soil & their irrigation ditches.
 * <span style="color: rgb(64, 247, 64); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Farmers had it easy because the Nile was so predictable unlike the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia.
 * <span style="color: rgb(64, 247, 64); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Farmers grew many types of fruits and vegetables.
 * <span style="color: rgb(238, 131, 32); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Egyptians worshiped the Nile like a god.
 * <span style="color: rgb(238, 131, 32); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The Egyptians believed kings ruled even after death so they built their tombs even more carefully then their palaces.
 * <span style="color: rgb(238, 131, 32); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Egyptians were, like Mesopotamians, polytheistic, building temples for the many gods they believed in such as: Re (god of the sun), Osiris (god of the dead), and Isis (goddess that repr <span style="color: rgb(238, 131, 32); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">esented perfect mother and wife). They worshiped more than 2,000 gods/goddesses.
 * <span style="color: rgb(238, 131, 32); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Egyptians believed in the afterlife-Anubis (god of the underworld) would weigh dead people's hearts. If they weighed nothing, like a feather, they lived eternally in the other world. If they were heavy with sin, Devourer of Souls would eat them.
 * <span style="color: rgb(238, 131, 32); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Kings and queens got big tombs, others got smaller ones.
 * <span style="color: rgb(238, 131, 32); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Mummification-embalming and drying corpse to keep it from decaying: first the brain was pulled out through nostrils with a hook, then an incision in the side removed the bowels, next they filled the body with perfumes and sewed it back up, fourth they would leave it under natron (a mineral salt) for 70 days, last they would wash the corpse & wrap it in wax cloth bandages.
 * <span style="color: rgb(238, 131, 32); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Filled tomb with coffin containing body and items person could use in the afterlife: clothing, food, cosmetics, jewelry, etc.
 * <span style="color: rgb(238, 131, 32); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Book of the Dead- collection of scrolls containing hymns, prayers, & spells to guide person in the afterlife.
 * <span style="color: rgb(238, 131, 32); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">After mummification, liver, brain, and other internal organs go in Canopic jars (clay vessels).
 * <span style="color: rgb(238, 131, 32); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Scientists have found mummies so well preserved they still have skin, hair, and/or teeth.
 * <span style="color: rgb(238, 131, 32); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Solid gold mask covers Tutankhamen's mummy's head and is a popular exhibit in the Egypt Museum in Cairo, Egypt.
 * <span style="color: rgb(238, 131, 32); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Spirit will use body in the afterlife.
 * <span style="color: rgb(238, 131, 32); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Ka=life force/ soul
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 29, 247);">In 5th century BC, Herodotus (ancient Greek historian) said Egypt was the "gift of the Nile".
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 29, 247);">The kingdoms were either united by King Scorpion or King Narmer.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 29, 247);">Narmer Palette (carved piece of slate) shows Narmer wearing both crowns- represents unification of kingdoms in 3,000 BC.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(232, 29, 247);">Narmer created double crown (red and white) and created capital, Memphis, where Upper & Lower Egypt met.
 * <span style="color: rgb(232, 29, 247);"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Narmer created first dynasty that lasted 2,600 years-31 dynasties.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(18, 2, 2);"><span style="color: rgb(244, 16, 16);">People starved if the Nile didn't completely flood.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(18, 2, 2);"><span style="color: rgb(244, 16, 16);">If the Nile over-flooded, it destroyed houses, seeds, etc.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(18, 2, 2);"><span style="color: rgb(244, 16, 16);">The deserts around Egypt prevented socialization with other people, yet it kept out invaders (blocked trade).
 * <span style="color: rgb(18, 2, 2);"><span style="color: rgb(244, 16, 16);"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">The First Cataract (where boulders turn the Nile into rapids) prevented river travel past its point.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(97, 9, 174);">River travel was used from Upper to Lower Egypt, travel north-use currents, travel south-use sails.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(97, 9, 174);">Peasants mainly built pyramids, payed with food & housing, and scratched their names into their work.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(97, 9, 174);">Slaves (captives from foreign wars) served in rich people's homes, and gold mines of Upper Egypt.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(97, 9, 174);">Good weather= worked in fields. Flood season=built temples
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(97, 9, 174);">Played senet-a board game
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(97, 9, 174);">Used cosmetics for protection from the sun and beauty (kohl-minerals mixed with water and oils softened glare from the sun) kept make-up in chests.
 * <span style="color: rgb(97, 9, 174);"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Workers formed community service to build temples such as Karnak Temple Complex.

<span style="display: block; color: rgb(17, 3, 3); text-align: center;">**__<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">COMPARE TO MESOPOTAMIA __** <span style="display: block; color: rgb(9, 1, 1); text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In Mesopotamia, kings were like representations of gods, were as in Egypt, kings were gods.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">There was flooding in both Egypt and Mesopotamia.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Warfare- desert cut off warfare in Egypt while in Mesopotamia, there was constant war.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">In Mesopotamia afterlife is a bad place.

__**<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">ARCHITECTURE **__
 * <span style="color: rgb(44, 246, 52);"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Their tombs were called pyramids.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(44, 246, 52);">The Old Kingdom was the age of pyramid building.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(44, 246, 52);">Egyptians had lots of limestone and granate.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(44, 246, 52);">Used stone blocks (2 and 1/2 to 15 tons) to stack up pyramids.
 * <span style="color: rgb(44, 246, 52);"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Pyramid of Giza-481 ft. 13 acres covered. It is the biggest pyramid, completed in 2556 BC.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">** __SOCIAL CLASSES__ **


 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 100, 32);">High Class-kings, queens, royal family
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 100, 32);">Rest of High Class-landowners, government officials, priests, army commanders
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 100, 32);">Middle Class- merchants & artisans
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 100, 32);">Low Class-peasant farmers, laborers, slaves
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 100, 32);">People could get into a higher social class but could only get into the highest class if you learned how to read & write.
 * <span style="color: rgb(136, 100, 32);"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Women had many of the same rights as men; could own/trade property, propose or divorce (granted 1/3 of property if divorce)

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">__EMPIRE__ **
 * <span style="color: rgb(18, 31, 206);"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">End of Old Kingdom- 2180 BC   <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">
 * <span style="color: rgb(18, 31, 206);"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Stronger pharaohs took over to start Middle Kingdom (2040-1640 BC) improved transportation, dug dikes, dug ditches, drained marshes to create farmland.   <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">
 * <span style="color: rgb(18, 31, 206);"><span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">Hyksos took over from Palestine and ruled from 1630-1523 BC.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: center; display: block;">**__WRITING__**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(154, 198, 244);">First used pictographs; switched to more flexible hieroglyphics.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(154, 198, 244);">"hieros" and "gluph" mean "sacred carving".
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(154, 198, 244);">Hieroglyphics first represented ideas; then sounds and ideas.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(154, 198, 244);">First wrote on clay; then on papyrus (paper-like; made from pressed papyrus reeds that grew in the delta).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(154, 198, 244);">Rosetta Stone-found in 1799- 3 languages (Greek & 2 forms of hieroglyphics).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(154, 198, 244);">Used Greek to decode hieroglyphics *how we learned to read*.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: center; display: block;">__**IMPORTANT DATES**__


 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(236, 50, 50);">2180 BC- pharaohs decline, Old Kingdom ends.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(236, 50, 50);">Middle Kingdom (2040-1640).
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(236, 50, 50);">5000 BC- farming villages.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(236, 50, 50);">3000 BC- civilization.

<span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: center; display: block;">**__TECHNOLOGY__**


 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(59, 237, 235);">Developed calendars to schedule floods and planting using stars.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(59, 237, 235);">Made accurate calendar- 12 months, 30 days each.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(59, 237, 235);">Used math for taxes; geometry for boundary resets after floods and for building pyramids; architecture for homes, palaces, and temples.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(59, 237, 235);">Invented medicine, felt for pulse, splints for broken bones, treatment for wounds, and some surgery.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(59, 237, 235);">Incredible builders.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(59, 237, 235);">1st to use stone columns.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; color: rgb(59, 237, 235);">Embalming (part of mummification).