Egypt+Eni+Kamburi

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** Egypt **  __  Geography  __
 * The Nile River flows N. across africa over 4,000 miles.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: #190101; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Black Land--> Red Land change from fertile soil to desert.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: #190101; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Every July, rains and melting snow from Mts. cause Nile to rise and spill.
 * <span style="color: #190101; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">All fall and winter they watered crops (irrigation ditches)
 * <span style="color: #190101; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Worshipped Nile as God (Herodotus said: Egypt is: "Gift of the Nile".

<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">   __   <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Challenges    __ <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">    <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">__ Government __ <span style="color: #140101; font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> __Religion__
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Nile floods low: people starved and water for crops was greatly reduced--->crops dying.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Nile floods high: houses, graneries, seeds were damaged and destroyed.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Deserts--> natural barriers which forced Egyptians to live on one small portion of land    <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">which reduced interacton with other people.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Cataracts--> rapids caused my churning rapids caused my boulders    <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">(very hard for traveling boats to get by).
 * <span style="color: #140101; font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Each village had own rituals, gods, chieftain.
 * <span style="color: #140101; font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">2 seperate kingdoms at first: Lower & Upper.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="color: #140101; font-family: Georgia, serif;">  Lower Egypt--> Red Crown, Upper Egypt--> White Crown (like a bowling pin).
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">   <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">  <span style="color: #140101; font-family: Georgia, serif;">  Narmer created double crown (united lower+upper).
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="color: #140101; font-family: Georgia, serif;">  1st Egyptian Dynasty-->Narmer.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="color: #140101; font-family: Georgia, serif;">  31 dynasties spanning to 2,000 years.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="color: #140101; font-family: Georgia, serif;">  2660-2180 B.C. Old Kingdom.
 * <span style="color: #140101; font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Eygpt had a Theocracy government- based on religious authority.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">Tombs were more important than places.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Polytheistic- belief in many gods (more than 1). <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Worshipped over 2,000 Gods and more.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Pryamid =burial for afterlife (belived Pharoahs could rule in the after life).
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Each village had own rituals/gods/chieftain.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', cursive;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Fierce beast-->"Devourer of souls" would eat the heart if it was heavier than a feather full of sin.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Osiris=god of the dead.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Anubis= god and guide of underworld-->weighed the hearts.
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Isis= represented ideal mother & wife.[[image:http://z.hubpages.com/u/188181_f260.jpg width="116" height="134" align="right"]]

__<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Afterlife __ <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: #050505; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;"> __<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #eee73a;">Technology __ <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="color: #0b0909; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;"> <span style="color: #0b0909; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #efe539;">__Writing__ <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #eddf35;">__Social Class__
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: #050505; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">Mummification- involeves embalming and drying the corpse to prevent it from decaying
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: #050505; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">Believed king/pharoah ruled after death (Ka)-eternal life force.
 * <span style="color: #050505; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Embalming- drying of the body to preserve
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="color: #050505; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">Book of Dead (book= spells, prayers, hyms--> a guide--made of scrolls to rule in--> afterlife).
 * <span style="color: #0b0909; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">Papyrus- reeds that were taken and put together by a machine that turned it into paper by rolling it over the reeds=thin paper.
 * <span style="color: #0b0909; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">Calender 365 days, 12 months - 30 days (+5 holidays).
 * <span style="color: #0b0909; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">Used the star Sirius to calculate when Nile would flood.
 * <span style="color: #0b0909; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">Developed a system of #'s for counting, adding, & subtracting business taxes.
 * <span style="color: #0b0909; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">Geometry- survey & reset property damages after floods.
 * <span style="color: #0b0909; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">Math helped engineers/architects make incredible pyrmids.
 * <span style="color: #0b0909; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">1st to use stone colums.
 * <span style="color: #0b0909; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">Medicine could check heart rate/pulse, set broken bones on silts, treate wounds/fevers, knew surgery.
 * <span style="color: #0b0909; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">Embalming- preserving the body with chemicals and wraped it with waxen cloth.
 * <span style="color: #0b0909; font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">Used "Canopic" jars (put liver, heart & other organs in them-->went into tombs with the pharaohs).
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Hieroglyphics= sacred carvings.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Simple pictographs were the earliest fo rm of writing.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Picture stood for an idea. [[image:http://www.kottke.org/plus/photos/200105europe/egypt_paint.jpg width="228" height="233" align="right"]]
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Writing became more complex- pictures stood for sounds.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Could almost be use like letters of the alphabet.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> 1st writing done on stone/clay.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Invented new writing surface- papyrus- (reeds/grass).
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Rosseta Stone- found in 1799.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> 3 languages.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Greek to decode hieroglyphics.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">We learned to read from hieroglyphics.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Kings, Queens Royal Family.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Wealthy land owners, government officials, priests, army commanders.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Middle class merchants & artisans.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Lower class (was the largest group/ not locked in).
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Slaves (labor from war), (for: rich gold mines, peasants, farmers laborers).

__<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Architecture __ __Time Period(s)__ <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;"> __Important People__ __Comparing Egypt to Mesopotamia__
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Ziggarats vs. Pyrmid.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Unique engineering features and structures.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">Amazing buildings
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;">used granite, stone, limestone.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">5,000 B.C.- farming villages began.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">3,000 B.C.- civilization began. (age of the Pharaohs)
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; background-color: #ffffff;">2009 modern day Egypt to the west of the fertile crescent.
 * Narmer- United upper and lower Egypt into 1 kingdom.
 * Narmer also created first Egyptian dynasty.
 * Herodotus- Egypt is: "Gift of the Nile."
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Unlike Mesopotanians, Egyptians could predict when the floods were coming (by star=Sirius).
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Egypt was spared constant war.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> barriers in Eygpt were the deserts (red+black) and in Meso, the swampy land was.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Eygpt was spared constant warfare that plagued the fertile crescent for much of it's eraly history.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Meso's had more social devlopment due to their Ziggurats bustling with people and culture diffusion occured
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"> Egypt had little human interaction because of harsh climate and being forced to live on a small portion of land.